Valley Forge Stories

Many people encamped at Valley Forge and each has a unique story to tell. We hope to share with you some pieces on the individuals who gave up everything to join General Washington and fight for our independence.

Cabin Construction by Don Troiani

For inspirational stories of the individuals who encamped at Valley Forge, please click on the links below or read the expanded stories that follow.

John Armstrong, Sr. – Frontiersman, Major General

By: John Whiteside

John Armstrong was born a Scotsman in 1717 in Brookeborough, County Fermanagh, Ireland, in what is now known as Ulster Province, Northern Ireland. Prior to his decision to emigrate to then British America, he completed his education in the study of civil engineering. Sometime in the early 1740’s he and a friend sailed to Pennsylvania. Soon after his arrival, he was selected by William Penn to be the surveyor for the Penn family in western Pennsylvania, specifically in the area of the Cumberland Valley, where Armstrong finally settled. He laid out the plans for the establishment of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, where he was one of the first settlers, and later helped survey the road from Alexandria, Virginia to Fort Duquesne, now Pittsburgh.

While demand for surveyors was great at the time, as towns were beginning to grow and spread west from the Atlantic coast, conflict took him from his profession into battle. The French and Indian War was in full force in central and western Pennsylvania, and Armstrong was elected Colonel of militia troops in the Cumberland Valley area. He was required to take charge of western defenses after the defeat of General Braddock in 1755. He headed a militia force in 1756 that attacked a major Indian village at Kittanning, securing a major victory and some notoriety for him. During a later part of the attack, he was wounded in the shoulder by a musket ball. In 1758 he and his militia would assist in the successful attack at Fort Duquesne. During that expedition, he would meet and associate with a Colonel from Virginia named George Washington.

Upon his return, he was hailed as the “Hero of Kittanning” and was awarded a medal made specifically for him by the City of Philadelphia. He continued his role as a brigadier general of Pennsylvania militia when the Revolutionary War broke out, and was subsequently given the same rank in the Continental Army by Congress in 1776. That year, he was sent to Charleston, South Carolina to use his skills to plan a defense of their port. He and his troops were successful in preventing the British from keeping 6,000 troops from unloading and attacking Charleston harbor.

He returned to Pennsylvania, taking the position of Major General of the Pennsylvania militia, ending his Continental Army duties. He and his Pennsylvania militia were not finished with the war, as he would continue to assist General Washington during the Philadelphia campaign. At the Battle of Brandywine, his militia troops held the extreme left wing for Washington. While not seeing too much action, they were instrumental in recovering needed supplies for the Continental Army by moving them across Pyle’s Ford in the dark after the battle. Several weeks later, his militia saw action at the Battle of Germantown where Armstrong led the right side of his force against the British position.

Following the Germantown fight, Armstrong, now 60 years old, sought permission to withdraw from his command, citing his old wound, advanced age, and bouts with rheumatism. He was granted a discharge and returned to Carlisle. In 1778 he was elected to Congress. That June, he attended a council of war meeting with Washington at Valley Forge. He continued to be a member of Congress into 1780.

After serving his new country, he served his community in a number of ways, including being on the Carlisle School Board and serving as a member of the First Board of Trustees for Dickinson College. His life ended in his precious Carlisle, Pennsylvania on March 9, 1795. He is buried in the Old Carlisle Cemetery, and was eulogized by General James Wilkinson as “One of the most virtuous men who had lived in any age or country.” In his honor, Armstrong County, Pennsylvania and Armstrong Hall at Carlisle Barracks were named for him. A historical marker for him is placed at the entrance to the Armstrong County Courthouse.

Sources:

https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu

https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Armstrong-1939

https://ushistory.org/valleyforge/served/armstrong2.

https://gardnerlibrary.org

https://explorepahistory.com

https://findagrave.com/memorial

John Armstrong Grave Armstrong County Marker

https://findagrave.com https://explorepahistory.com

Agrippa Hull – African American Soldier

By John Whiteside

Agrippa Hull, often called by his nickname “Grippy,” was born on March 7, 1759 as a free Black man in the small village of Northampton, Massachusetts. His father, Amos, would only live for two more years, dying in 1761, never getting to enjoy the exceptional son he fathered. Life became a financial struggle for Grippy’s mother Bathsheba, so she eventually sent him to live with another free Black farming family in Stockbridge, a nearby town, when he was six years old. It was there in Stockbridge with Joab and Rose Binney that he would develop lasting roots as both a farmer and a well-liked, American citizen.

Shortly after his eighteenth birthday, on May 1, 1777, Hull enlisted in the Continental Army for the duration of the war, first serving in Captain John Chadwick’s company of the 12^th Massachusetts Regiment as a private. Shortly thereafter, Private Hull was assigned as an orderly to Major General John Paterson. Orderlies were often selected for their military bearing, intelligence, dependability, and trustworthiness. Hull surely possessed all of those values, and it is a testament to his exceptional military service for more than six years serving only for and with general officers.

Valley Forge muster roll records place Hull at Valley Forge at the beginning of the encampment there in December 1777. As an orderly and a Black soldier, it was likely that he was included in performing fatigue duty at Valley Forge. He, and other soldiers like him, would spend their time and efforts at building log huts to house the encampment there. After serving about two years under General Paterson, Hull was reassigned as a personal aide to then Polish Colonel Thaddeus Kosciuszko, an engineering expert. Their relationship would continue and grow closer throughout the remainder of the war.

Hull would accompany Colonel Kosciuszko north to Saratoga and West Point, New York, seeing combat along the way. As the war shifted to the southern states of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Hull and Kosciuszko would get to observe first hand, the increased poverty and cruelty affecting the enslaved population in those areas. Once again, Hull faced increasingly brutal combat in places like Ninety-Six, Eutaw Springs, and the Battle of Cowpens. At times during the bloody southern battles, Hull served as a surgeon’s assistant, participating with aid to the wounded soldiers and even helping with amputations, a task that would remain in his memory for his lifetime. Hull would eventually return to West Point where he would receive his discharge papers, personally signed by George Washington in July 1783. Despite an offer from Kosciuszko to return to Poland with him, Hull decided to return home to Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

Hull spent the remainder of his life working with an attorney friend to seek freedom for enslaved Blacks in the town, including his own wife, Jane Darby. She and Grippy would eventually have four children. After her death, Hull remarried Margaret Timbrooks. Hull worked hard as a household servant, saved his money and eventually became the largest Black landowner in Stockbridge. He began receiving a military pension in 1818. He was known throughout the local community as a man of great dignity, pride, character, and possessing a biting wit. He was a trusted friend to all the white, Black, and Native Americans living in the area. Agrippa Hull passed away on May 21, 1848 and is buried in Stockbridge Congregational Church Cemetery, Berkshire County, Massachusetts.

Sources:

Moss, Bobby G. and Michael Scoggins, African-American Patriots in the Southern Campaign of the American Revolution, Blacksburg, S.C.: Scotia-Hibernia Press, 2004

https://www.massmovements.org

https://www.nps.gov/vafo

https://www.pbs.org

https://en.wikipedia.org

https://www.blackpast.org/?s=Agrippa+Hull

Photo courtesy of the Stockbridge Library, Museum & Archives.

https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/48417564/agrippa-hull#view-photo=193488121

John Clark, Jr. – Spymaster

By John Whiteside

George Washington, best known at the Father of our Country, is also considered
to be the first great American spymaster. His efforts, and those of the spies and
agents who supported him, are generally credited with out- spying the British
military during the Revolutionary War and securing a very crafty victory. Even
British military leaders praise Washington for his exceptional espionage tradecraft
as a reason for his win.

One of Washington’s best spymasters was John Clark, a young Pennsylvanian born
in Lancaster County, Pa. about 1751. Clark lived there for nearly twenty years
before moving to neighboring York County, where he studied law. He entered the
Pennsylvania Rifle Corps in 1775 and subsequently saw combat during the siege
of Boston. His military efforts continued in the defense of Washington’s troops in
the battle of Long Island and their subsequent move to New Jersey. His efforts on
the battlefield as well as in the collection of enemy intelligence resulted in a
promotion to the rank of Major. He was then assigned as an Aide-de-Camp to
General Nathanael Greene, and participated in battles at Trenton and Princeton,
NJ.

In 1777 as General Howe decided on attacking Philadelphia from the south, Clark
was tasked by General Washington to collect information on British troop
strength, movements and supply issues. Clark set up his command in a home on
Goshen Road, in what is now Newtown Square, Pa. Clark himself posed as a
disaffected Quaker who was angry with the rebels for vandalizing his home. Clark
was eventually successful in gaining access to General Howe, and was able to
provide Howe with fictious disinformation, often prepared by Washington
himself, to deceive the British of his own strength and plans. In so doing, Clark’s
network of spies could readily collect information about British military targets as
well.

John Clark received a painful right shoulder wound, either just prior to or during
the battle of Brandywine. After a short recuperation that left him in constant
discomfort, he continued his espionage network, trying to deny food and supplies
to the enemy while at the same time diverting similar supplies to Washington’s troops

at Valley Forge. His spy ring helped provide information about Howe’s
surprise attack at Whitemarsh in early December, 1777. Throughout the latter
four months of 1777, he had written some forty letters back and forth to
Washington. In these letters, Clark always signed his name, adding the suffix
“Junior.” While this might indicate he was the son of John Clark, there are no
other references to his use of the suffix.

Clark’s wounded shoulder continued to cause such pain that he sought
permission to return to York, Pa. and recuperate. In January 1778, Clark was
offered a position as auditor of the army. That February he returned to York to
commence his new assignment. Clark would later re-enlist and serve until the end
of the war. He returned home to his wife, Margaret Bittinger Clark, and his son
and five daughters. He has been described by friends who knew him as being
brave to a fault, having a great wit and a fine mind. Clark sought to run for
Congress but was unsuccessful in his political bid. He returned to the practice of
law, working until the day before his death on December 27, 1819. He is buried
with his wife and children in a family plot at Saint John’s Episcopal Churchyard,
140 N. Beaver Street, York, Pa.

Sources:

Thomas Fleming, Washington’s Secret War, (Harper Collins, NY 2005)
Alexander Rose, Washington’s Spies, (Bantam Dell, NY 2006)
https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/John_Clark_(spy)
https://www.dvidshub.net/news/457701/philadelphia-spy-ring-keeps-washington-informed-nov-1777
https://www.jstor.org/stable/20085677
https://theclio.com/entry/69372
https://www.familysearch.org/en/united-states/MajorJohnClark

Photo of John Clark, Jr.’s house courtesy of Newtown Square Historical Society.

Managing the war effort was no small feat. Usually, Revolutionary War leaders had a few trusted advisors to assist them in their work, known as Aides de Camp. Aides de Camp were the helpers of a high-ranking officer and were usually educated and very dedicated to their work. These men were quite talented and played a vital role in the war effort. Without Aides de Camp, the generals would not able been able to manage and maintain the army. Even though some of these Aides de Camp may be lesser known, the role they played in the Revolutionary War was undeniably significant. One example of an Aide de Camp was Matthew Clarkson.

Matthew Clarkson was born on October 17, 1758, in New York City, New York. He had two wives: Mary Rutherford and Sarah Cornell (not at the same time). He enlisted in the Continental Army in Long Island and later served as an Aide de Camp to Benedict Arnold. Clarkson was present at the Battle of Saratoga, where the Americans scored a major victory over the British with the help of Benedict Arnold. Furthermore, Matthew Clarkson was present at the Valley Forge encampment and took his loyalty oath at Valley Forge’s Artillery Park in May of 1778.

Later, he served under General Benjamin Lincoln with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. Matthew Clarkson was taken prisoner in 1780. He was also present at many major battles such as the Siege of Savannah and the Battle of Charleston. After the end of the Revolutionary War, General Lincoln became the Secretary of War, and Clarkson was his assistant. Clarkson was an abolitionist and was very active politically. He even ran for the U.S Senate in 1802.

Furthermore, Clarkson kept serving in the military, overseeing a portion of the state militia, and bearing the rank of Major General. Clarkson had many important achievements such as serving as the President of the New York City Hospital and serving as the President of the Bank of New York. Clarkson also grew wealthy off investments and land speculating. Land speculation is when a wealthy individual buys large portions of land for a cheap price and resells them to others for a markup. Clarkson generously gave away much of his wealth through acts of philanthropy.

Matthew Clarkson died on April 25, 1825, in New York City, New York. He had a town named after him in 1819 (Clarkson, New York). Matthew Clarkson is a shining example of a brave man who played a significant role in the fight for liberty and freedom.

Sources:

https://military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Matthew_Clarkson

https://valleyforgemusterroll.org/soldier-details/

https://www.nps.gov/vafo/learn/historyculture/washingtonsaidesdecamp.htm

https://services.dar.org/Public/DAR_Research/search_adb/?action=full&p_id=A211601

https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/19528227/matthew-clarkson

https://www.battlefields.org/learn/revolutionary-war/battles/saratoga

https://images.findagrave.com/photos250/photos/2007/144/19528227_118015397217.jpg

https://images.findagrave.com/photos250/photos/2010/123/19528227_127298753200.jpg

Valley Forge Muster Roll Volunteer Attends Native American Grave Marking and Remembrance Ceremony

On Sunday, October 23, 2022, in the misty rain, Private Adam Sobuck of the Nehantic tribe was honored in Lyme, Connecticut for his service in the Revolutionary War. A full grave marking ceremony was held to celebrate his service. Valley Forge Muster Roll Volunteer Susan Rosone and her daughter, Bessie, attended the ceremony on behalf of the Muster Roll and the Valley Forge Park Alliance.

Adam Sobuck joined the 1^st Connecticut regiment on January 1, 1777, and unfortunately, he died on January 15, 1777, at the age of 19. Adam’s relative, Private William Sobuck also enlisted in the same regiment on January 14, 1777 and went on to camp at Valley Forge with General George Washington. Service runs in the family as William’s father, William Sobuck, died in the French Indian War in 1759. It is estimated that at least seven of the Nehantic tribe members died in the French Indian War, and six Nehantics gave their lives in the Revolutionary War.

Adam’s grave wasn’t found until the new property owner, Beth Avery, noticed a gravestone almost flat to the ground in 2015. She worked with the Lyme cemetery committee to right the stone and began researching who may have been buried there. The town records simply stated, “Indian Grave”, mistakenly saying it contained a child who died at age nine. Once the gravestone was righted and the name could be read, Beth began researching but could initially find nothing on this “Adam Sobock”. She realized that there were various spellings of his surname, Sobuck being the most common. This led to her amazing discovery of Adam Sobuck’s war record through the National Archives, and that he was a member of the Nehantic tribe. With this information, Beth did more research and realized Adam had a relative, William, who also fought in the Revolutionary War. Further digging led her to the Valley Forge Muster Roll where she was thrilled to discover that William Sobuck encamped at Valley Forge. Had Adam Sobuck survived, he too would have gone on to encamp at Valley Forge. Eventually, Beth was put in touch with a local archaeologist who happened to serve as an advisor to the Nehantic Native Nation. He came out to the grave and was able to confirm that the burial site belonged to Adam.

Susan, from the Valley Forge Muster Roll, was honored to attend this ceremony for Adam which included group prayer, native American music that featured a piece from 1777, a rifle salute, and a smudging. Susan also proudly presented a Muster Roll Certificate for William Sobuck to the Nehantic Tribal Chief Ray Tatten. Members of the DAR and SAR made presentations, as well. Also included were Nansemond Indian Patriots, the only Native American chapter of SAR.

Keeping history alive is so important. The Nehantic tribe of Lyme, CT was declared extinct in 1870, however, there are still a small number of members. One important descendant of the Sobucks was Mercy Anne Nonesuch (1822-1915), whose mother was a Sobuck. She served as a cultural mentor, was known for her skillful beadwork and doll making, and her photographic portrait resides at the Smithsonian. We are honored to have been a part of this ceremony to mark Adam’s grave and to recognize William’s service at Valley Forge.

There was proof that the Nehantics served in every American-fought war, dating back to 1637, except for the Mexican War. We encourage Native Americans to explore their history to see if their ancestors encamped at Valley Forge. We at the Valley Forge Muster Roll are happy to help!

Griffin Greene, Paymaster

A look at some behind-the-scenes roles that were crucial to the war effort

By Rachael Pei

Money is a powerful motivator. For the soldiers at Valley Forge, even though pay was sporadic due to inflation/money shortages [1], it played a part in encouraging them to enlist and dampening mutinies or desertions. Paymasters—the people in charge of paying troops their wages—were therefore vital in sustaining the Continental army. One such officer at the encampment was Griffin Greene, cousin of the famed Major General Nathanael Greene.

Griffin was born on February 16, 1749, in Warwick, Rhode Island [2]. He married Sarah Greene and they had four children [3]. In 1775 he enlisted as a commissary to Rhode Island troops [3, 4]. Commissaries’ main duties were obtaining and distributing food and supplies to soldiers. In 1777 he became the paymaster of the 1^st Rhode Island regiment (commanded by his brother-in-law, Colonel Christopher Greene) and held this role while the army was at Valley Forge [3].

When Nathanael Greene was appointed to Quartermaster General in 1778, Griffin became one of his deputies [3]. Griffin and Nathanael were quite close: “Among the earliest attachments of the general’s life, was one formed with a cousin of the name of Griffin Greene. And to the close of their lives, the affectionate regard in which they held each other, was nearly proverbial” [5]. During the war, they frequently wrote to each other about occurrences or struggles they experienced [6]. Quartermasters were responsible for distributing provisions to troops, so the pair occasionally discussed prices of goods or purchasing strategies in their letters as well [6].

After he was discharged in 1783 [4], Griffin became one of the first settlers of Marietta, Ohio. He served in various governmental roles there, including justice of the peace, revenue collector, judge, and postmaster [3]. Griffin was later chosen as a director of the Ohio Company of Associates after the death of James Mitchell Varnum in 1789 [3]. As an additional note of interest, Meriwether Lewis (best known for his leadership in the Lewis and Clark Expedition) met with Griffin while in Marietta before he started his westward trek [3].

Griffin died in June 1804 while serving as Marietta’s postmaster and was buried in Mound Cemetery [3, 4, 7]. Described as “a man of intelligent aspect, quick apprehension, and a ready, vigorous application of his mind to any subject before him” [3], Griffin Greene reminds us of people in lesser-known roles that were just as important to the war effort as those involved in battlefield maneuvers.

Sources:

allthingsliberty.com/2021/05/the-predicament-we-are-in-how-paperwork-saved-the-continental-army/
services.dar.org/Public/DAR_Research/search_adb/?action=full&p_id=A046940
military-history.fandom.com/wiki/Griffin_Greene
www.fold3.com/image/615878684?xid=1022&_ga=2.138142512.1601066315.1633727132-1850433631.1619110538
Johnson, W.: Sketches of the Life and Correspondence of Nathanael Greene, Vol. I, A. E. Miller, Charleston, South Carolina (1822), pg. 128
finding-aids.lib.unc.edu/00290/#folder_1#1
founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-10-02-0243

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/GriffinGreene.jpg/180px-GriffinGreene.jpg

Maria Appolonia (Abigail) Hartman Rice

A glimpse into the life of an honorable Revolutionary War nurse

By Rachael Pei

The stories of women in the Revolutionary War, particularly those who were not wives of famous military leaders, are often overshadowed by accounts of male soldiers’ courageous feats in the battlefield. However, these women played a critical role in the war effort, serving as laundresses, seamstresses, cooks, or nurses for the army. One such woman, Maria Appolonia (Abigail, for short) Hartman Rice was a well-known nurse at Yellow Springs Hospital, where many of the Valley Forge soldiers stricken with disease were treated. Her story deepens our understanding of the civilians’ experiences during the war.

According to family records, Abigail was born in Germany on September 4, 1742. When she was seven years old, she arrived in Philadelphia on the Royal Union ship on August 15, 1750. Her family settled in Pikeland, PA, (located in the upper part of Chester County). They regularly made the 13-mile journey to attend St. Augustine’s Lutheran Church in Trappe, which involved traveling over bridle paths on horseback and crossing the Schuylkill River. The pastor there was Henry Muhlenberg, the main founder of Lutheranism in North America and father to Brigadier General John Peter Gabriel Muhlenberg, whose 1^st Virginia Brigade also camped at Valley Forge.

When Abigail was 16, she married Zachariah Rice and gave birth to their first child two years later. In her lifetime, she had an incredible total of 21 children with Zachariah, 17 of whom lived to adulthood.

The Records of the Annual Hench and Drumgold Reunion relates Abigail’s encounter with George Washington, after the Battle of the Clouds was prematurely terminated by a torrential downpour on September 16, 1777: General Washington and the rain-soaked Continental soldiers were heading toward nearby Yellow Springs when the military leader stopped at the Rice home to ask for something to drink. Abigail reportedly prepared a “flip,” a common drink at the time made with water, sugar, rum and spice. She also agreed to let Brigadier General Anthony Wayne’s soldiers camp on the Rice family’s property that night.

A few months later, during the Valley Forge encampment, Yellow Springs (originally a health spa village boasting various mineral springs) gained new significance as the site of the only hospital commissioned by the Continental Congress during the war. At Valley Forge, disease was a major killer, causing an estimated 2,000 deaths—more than any single battle in the war. Due to the rapid spread of sicknesses like typhoid, pneumonia, dysentery, and typhus at the encampment, the Yellow Springs hospital, being only 10 miles away, was a relatively close refuge to house sick soldiers to avoid the spread of disease. Zachariah, Abigail’s husband, helped with the hospital’s construction. The building, known as Washington Hall, was completed in January 1778. Approximately 1,300 soldiers were treated there during the encampment.

The environment inside was likely very different from the sanitary hospital settings we are familiar with today. Not much was known about proper medical practice, leading to risky operations, such as amputations. The concept that specific germs are the direct cause of certain diseases (germ theory) had not been developed yet, so hygiene was not often the top priority. Furthermore, soap and medical supplies were not always available due to supply shortages.

Abigail was described in the Records of the Annual Hench and Drumgold Reunion as a “stout, well-built woman, warmhearted, and ready to lend a helping hand” (p. 81), visiting the hospital many times to bring food and delicacies for the sick or wounded soldiers. As her visits became more frequent, she started tending to the soldiers, and eventually became a nurse there. Revolutionary War nurses were in charge of keeping the hospital clean, as well as caring for and feeding the patients; however, unlike their present-day counterparts, they did not typically administer medical treatments.

While caring for the sick at Yellow Springs, Abigail unfortunately contracted typhoid fever. She died on November 6, 1789, (aged 47 years old) and was buried at St. Peter’s United Church of Christ in Chester Springs (a 15-minute drive from present-day Valley Forge Park). Her original grave marker is no longer there, but it read, “Some have children, some have none, here lies the mother of twenty-one.” At her funeral, all 17 of her surviving children walked in the procession to her grave. An attendee reportedly commented that it was the first and possibly last time such a sight would be seen at that church.

Ultimately, Abigail’s story endures as a tribute to the women who served outside of the glory of the spotlight, yet whose roles were crucial in our nation’s fight for freedom.

Sources:

https://images.findagrave.com/photos/2009/247/39650856_125219915454.jpg

Pictured: Abigail’s new (second) headstone, located at St. Peter’s United Church of Christ.

Pictured: The remains of Washington Hall, located at Historic Yellow Springs (a 17-minute drive away from Valley Forge National Historical Park). The building was no longer used as a hospital after 1781, and two separate fires in 1902 and 1962 left it in ruins.
The plaque reads “Revolutionary War Hospital.”

Valley Forge Stories

Valley Forge Stories

For inspirational stories of the individuals who encamped at Valley Forge, please click on the links below or read the expanded stories that follow.

Colonel Walter Stewart – https://valleyforgemusterroll.org/colonel-walter-stewart/

Hannah Till – https://valleyforgemusterroll.org/hannah-till/

Captain/Major Jonathan Clark (Clarke) – https://valleyforgemusterroll.org/captain-major-jo…han-clark-clarke/ ‎

Brevet Major John Van Dyk – https://valleyforgemusterroll.org/brevet-major-john-van-dyk/ ‎

Polly Cooper – https://valleyforgemusterroll.org/polly-cooper/

John Armstrong, Sr. – Frontiersman, Major General

Agrippa Hull – African American Soldier

John Clark, Jr. – Spymaster

Matthew Clarkson, Aide de Camp

Valley Forge Muster Roll Volunteer Attends Native American Grave Marking and Remembrance Ceremony

Griffin Greene, Paymaster

Maria Appolonia (Abigail) Hartman Rice